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Table of Contents - Special Paper 356

Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond

Preface vii

Dedication ix

The Big Picture

1. Meteors and comets in ancient Mexico
Ulrich Köhler 1

2. Impact lethality and risks in today's world: Lessons for interpreting Earth history
Clark R. Chapman 7

3. Tracers of the extraterrestrial component in sediments and inferences for Earth's accretion history
Frank T. Kyte 21

Chicxulub and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Deposits

4. Geophysical constraints on the size and structure of the Chicxulub impact crater
Joanna Morgan, Mike Warner, and Richard Grieve 39

5. Micro-Raman and optical identification of coesite in suevite from Chicxulub
Elena Lounejeva, Mikjail Ostroumov, and Gerardo Sánchez-Rubio 47

6. Distribution of Chicxulub ejecta at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary
Philippe Claeys, Wolfgang Kiessling, and Walter Alvarez 55

7. Generation and propagation of a tsunami from the Cretaceous-Tertiary impact event
T. Matsui, F. Imamura, E. Tajika, Y. Nakano, and Y. Fujisawa 69

8. Mass wasting of Atlantic continental margins following the Chicxulub impact event
R.D. Norris and J.V. Firth 79

9. Sequence stratigraphy and sea-level change across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary on the New Jersey passive margin
Richard K. Olsson, Kenneth G. Miller, James V Browning, James D. Wright, and Benjamin S. Cramer 97

10. Complex tsunami waves suggested by the Cretaceous- Tertiary boundary deposit at the Moncada section, western R. Tada
R. Tada, Y. Nakano, M.A. Iturralde-Vinent, S. Yamamoto, T. Kamata, E. Tajika, K. Toyoda, S. Kiyokawa, D. Garcia Delgado, T. Oji, K. Goto, H. Takayama, R.Rojas-Consuegra, and T. Matsui 109

11. Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sequence in the Cacarajicara Formation, western Cuba: An impact-related, high-energy, gravity-flow deposit
Shoichi Kiyokawa, Ryuji Tada, Manuel Iturralde-Vinent, Eiichi Tajika, Shinji Yamamoto, Tetsuo Oji, Youichiro Nakano, Kazuhisa Goto, Hideo Takayama, Dora Garcia Delgado, Consuelo Diaz Otero, Reinaldo Rojas-Consuegra, and Takafumi Matsui 125

12. Multiple spherule layers in the late Maastrichtian of northeastern Mexico
Gerta Keller, Thierry Adatte, Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, Mark Affolter, Lionel Schilli, and José Guadalupe Lopez-Oliva 145

13. Two anomalies of platinum group elements above the Cretaceous- Tertiary boundary at Beloc, Haiti: Geochemical context and consequences for the impact scenario
Doris Stüben, Utz Kramar, Zsolt Bemer, Jörg-Detlef Eckhardt, Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, Gerta Keller, Thierry Adatte, and Klaus Heide 163

14. Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at Blake Nose (Ocean drilling Program Leg 17]B): A record of the Chicxulub impact ejecta
Francisca Martínez-Ruíz, Miguel Ortega-Huertas, Inmaculada Palomo, and Jan Smit 189

15. Global occurrence of magnetic and superparamagnetic iron phases in Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clays
N. Bhandari, H.C. Verma, C. Upadhyay, Amita Tripathi, and R.P. Tripathi 201

16. Cretaceous-Tertiary profile, rhythmic deposition, and geomagnetic polarity reversals of marine sediments near Bjala, Bulgaria
Anton Preisinger, Selma Aslanian, Franz Brandstätter, Friedrich Grass, Herbert Stradner, and Herbert Summesberger 213

17. Paleoenvironment across the Cretaceous- Tertiary transition in eastern Bulgaria
Thierry Adatte, Gerta Keller, S. Bums, K.H. Stoykova, M.I. Ivanov, D. Vangelov, Utz Kramar, and Doris Stüben 231

Biological and Chemical Changes Across the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary

18. Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary planktic foraminiferal mass extinction and biochronology at La Ceiba and Bochil, Mexico, and El Kef, Tunisia
Ignacio Arenillas, Laia Alegret, José A. Arz, Carlos Liesa, Alfonso Meléndez, Eustoquio Molina, Ana R. Soria, Esteban Cedillo-Pardo, José M. Grajales-Nishimura, and Carmen Rosales-Dominguez 253

19. Distribution pattern of calcareous dinoflagellate cysts across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (Fish Clay, Stevns Klint, Denmark): Implications for our understanding of species-selective extinction
Jens Wendler and Helmut Willems 265

20. Abrupt extinction and subsequent reworking of Cretaceous planktonic foraminifers across the Cretaceous- Tertiary boundary: Evidence from the subtropical North Atlantic
Brian T. Huber, Kenneth G. MacLeod, and Richard D. Norris 277

21. Faunal changes across the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary in the Atlantic coastal plain of New Jersey: Restructuring the marine community after the K-T mass-extinction event
William B. Gallagher 291

22. Giant ground birds at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Extinction or survival?
Eric Buffetaut 303

23. Dinosaurs that did not die: Evidence for Paleocene dinosaurs in the Ojo Alamo Sandstone, San Juan Basin, New Mexico
James E. Fassett, Robert A. Zielinski, and James R. Budahn 307

24. Sulfur isotopic compositions across terrestrial Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary successions
Teruyuki Maruoka, Christian Koeberl, Jason Newton, Iain Gilmour, and Bruce R Bohor 337

25. Natural fullerenes from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary layer at Anjar, Kutch, India
G. Parthasarathy, N. Bhandari, M. Vairamani, A.C. Kunwar, and B. Narasaiah 345

26. Organic geochemical investigation of terrestrial Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary successions from Brownie Butte, Montana, and the Raton Basin, New Mexico
A.F. Gardner and 1. Gilmour 351

Permian-Triassic Boundary

27. End-Permian mass extinctions: A review
Douglas H. Erwin, Samuel A. Bowring, and Jin Yugan 363

28. Permian-Triassic boundary in the southwestern United States: Hiatus or continuity?
Walter Alvarez and Diane O'Connor 385

29. Extent, duration, and nature of the Permian-Triassic superanoxic event
Paul B. Wignall and Richard J. Twitchett 395

30. Abruptness of the end-Permian mass extinction as determined from biostratigraphic and cyclostratigraphic analyses of European western Tethyan sections
Michael R. Rampino, Andreas Prokoph, Andre C. Adler, and Dylan M. Schwindt 415

31. Permian-Triassic boundary in the northwest Karoo Basin: Current stratigraphic placement, implications for basin development models, and the search for evidence of impact
P. John Hancox, D. Brandt, W.U. Reimold, C. Koeberl, and J. Neveling 429

32. Chemical signatures of the Permian-Triassic transitional environment in Spiti Valley, India
A.D. Shukla, N. Bhandari, and R.N. Shukla 445

33. Synchronous record of d¹³C shifts in the oceans and atmosphere at the end of the Permian
Mark A. Sephton, Cindy V. Looy, Ruben J. Veefkind, Henk Brinkhius, Jan W. De Leeuw, and Henk Visscher 455

Other Extinctions and Boundaries

34. Late Ordovician extinction: A Laurentian view
William B.N. Berry, Robert L. Ripperdan, and Stanley C. Finney 463

35. Late Devonian sea-level changes, catastrophic events, and mass extinctions
Charles A. Sandberg, Jared R. Morrow, and Willi Ziegler 473

36. Impact-generated carbonate accretionary lapilli in the Late Devonian Alamo Breccia
John E. Warme, Matthew Morgan, and Hans-Christian Kuehner 489

37. Continental Triassic-Jurassic boundary in central Pangea: Recent progress and discussion of an Ir anomaly
Paul E. Olsen, Christian Koeberl, Heinz Huber, Alessandro Montanari, Sarah J. Fowell, Mohammed Et-Touhami, and Dennis V. Kent 505

38. Dating the end- Triassic and Early Jurassic mass extinctions, correlative large igneous provinces, and isotopic events
József Pálfy, Paul L. Smith, and James K. Mortensen 523

39. Sea-level changes and black shales associated with the late Paleocene thermal maximum: Organic-geochemical and micropaleontologic evidence from the southern Tethyan margin (Egypt-Israel) Robert P. Speijer and Thomas Wagner Case Studies 533

40. Sedimentary record of impact events in Spain
Enrique Díaz-Martínez, Enrique Sanz-Rubio, and Jésus Martínez-Frías 551

41. Postglacial impact events in Estonia and their influence on people and the environment
Anto Raukas 563

Experiments, Methods, and Model Calculations

42. Mineralogical investigations of experimentally shocked dolomite: Implications for the outgassing of carbonates
Roman Skála, Jana Ederová, Pavel Matejka, and Friedrich Hörz 571

43. How strong was impact-induced C02 degassing in the Cretaceous-Tertiary event? Numerical modeling of shock recovery experiments
Boris A. Ivanov, Falko Langenhorst, Alexander Deutsch, and Ulrich Hornemann 587

44. Laboratory impact experiments versus natural impact events
Paul S. DeCarli, Emma Bowden, Adrian P. Jones, and G. David Price 595

45. Comparison of the osmium and chromium isotopic methods for the detection off meteoritic components in impactites: Examples from the Morokweng and Vredefort impact structures, South Africa
Christian Koeberl, Bernhard Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Wolf Uwe Reimold, Alex Shukolyukov, and Günter W. Lugmair 607

46. Numerical modeling of the formation of large impact craters
Boris A. Ivanov and Natalia A. Artemieva 619

47. Multiple stages of condensation in impact-produced vapor clouds
Detlef de Niem 631

Astronomical Studies

48. On the completeness of the discovery rate of the potentially hazardous asteroids
Eric W. Elst 645

49. Possible sources of Earth crossers
Nina A. Solovaya and Eduard M. Pittich 651

50. Measurement of the lunar impact record for the past 3.5 by. and implications for the Nemesis theory
Richard A. Muller 659

51. Role of the galaxy in periodic impacts and mass extinctions on the Earth
Michael R. Rampino 667

52. Solar system linked to a gigantic interstellar cloud during the past 500 my.: Implications for a galactic theory of terrestrial catastrophism
Carlos A. Olano 679

Impacts and Extinction Mechanisms

53. Grazing meteoroids could ignite continental-scale fires
Vladimir V. Svetsov 685

54. Atmospheric erosion and radiation impulse induced by impacts
V.V. Shuvalov and N.A. Artemieva 695

55. Toxins produced by meteorite impacts and their possible role in a biotic mass extinction
M.V. Gerasimov 705

56. Modeling long-term climatic effects of impacts: First results
Thomas Luder, Willy Benz, and Thomas F. Stocker 717

Index 731

Preface		vii
Dedication		ix
The Big Picture
1.	Meteors and comets in ancient Mexico Ulrich Köhler	1
2.	Impact lethality and risks in today's world: Lessons for interpreting Earth history Clark R. Chapman	7
3.	Tracers of the extraterrestrial component in sediments and inferences for Earth's accretion history Frank T. Kyte	21
Chicxulub and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Deposits
4.	Geophysical constraints on the size and structure of the Chicxulub impact crater Joanna Morgan, Mike Warner, and Richard Grieve	39
5.	Micro-Raman and optical identification of coesite in suevite from Chicxulub Elena Lounejeva, Mikjail Ostroumov, and Gerardo Sánchez-Rubio	47
6.	Distribution of Chicxulub ejecta at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary Philippe Claeys, Wolfgang Kiessling, and Walter Alvarez	55
7.	Generation and propagation of a tsunami from the Cretaceous-Tertiary impact event T. Matsui, F. Imamura, E. Tajika, Y. Nakano, and Y. Fujisawa	69
8.	Mass wasting of Atlantic continental margins following the Chicxulub impact event R.D. Norris and J.V. Firth	79
9.	Sequence stratigraphy and sea-level change across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary on the New Jersey passive margin Richard K. Olsson, Kenneth G. Miller, James V Browning, James D. Wright, and Benjamin S. Cramer	97
10.	Complex tsunami waves suggested by the Cretaceous- Tertiary boundary deposit at the Moncada section, western R. Tada R. Tada, Y. Nakano, M.A. Iturralde-Vinent, S. Yamamoto, T. Kamata, E. Tajika, K. Toyoda, S. Kiyokawa, D. Garcia Delgado, T. Oji, K. Goto, H. Takayama, R.Rojas-Consuegra, and T. Matsui	109
11.	Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sequence in the Cacarajicara Formation, western Cuba: An impact-related, high-energy, gravity-flow deposit Shoichi Kiyokawa, Ryuji Tada, Manuel Iturralde-Vinent, Eiichi Tajika, Shinji Yamamoto, Tetsuo Oji, Youichiro Nakano, Kazuhisa Goto, Hideo Takayama, Dora Garcia Delgado, Consuelo Diaz Otero, Reinaldo Rojas-Consuegra, and Takafumi Matsui	125
12.	Multiple spherule layers in the late Maastrichtian of northeastern Mexico Gerta Keller, Thierry Adatte, Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, Mark Affolter, Lionel Schilli, and José Guadalupe Lopez-Oliva	145
13.	Two anomalies of platinum group elements above the Cretaceous- Tertiary boundary at Beloc, Haiti: Geochemical context and consequences for the impact scenario Doris Stüben, Utz Kramar, Zsolt Bemer, Jörg-Detlef Eckhardt, Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, Gerta Keller, Thierry Adatte, and Klaus Heide	163
14.	Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at Blake Nose (Ocean drilling Program Leg 17]B): A record of the Chicxulub impact ejecta Francisca Martínez-Ruíz, Miguel Ortega-Huertas, Inmaculada Palomo, and Jan Smit	189
15.	Global occurrence of magnetic and superparamagnetic iron phases in Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clays N. Bhandari, H.C. Verma, C. Upadhyay, Amita Tripathi, and R.P. Tripathi	201
16.	Cretaceous-Tertiary profile, rhythmic deposition, and geomagnetic polarity reversals of marine sediments near Bjala, Bulgaria Anton Preisinger, Selma Aslanian, Franz Brandstätter, Friedrich Grass, Herbert Stradner, and Herbert Summesberger	213
17.	Paleoenvironment across the Cretaceous- Tertiary transition in eastern Bulgaria Thierry Adatte, Gerta Keller, S. Bums, K.H. Stoykova, M.I. Ivanov, D. Vangelov, Utz Kramar, and Doris Stüben	231
Biological and Chemical Changes Across the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary
18.	Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary planktic foraminiferal mass extinction and biochronology at La Ceiba and Bochil, Mexico, and El Kef, Tunisia Ignacio Arenillas, Laia Alegret, José A. Arz, Carlos Liesa, Alfonso Meléndez, Eustoquio Molina, Ana R. Soria, Esteban Cedillo-Pardo, José M. Grajales-Nishimura, and Carmen Rosales-Dominguez	253
19.	Distribution pattern of calcareous dinoflagellate cysts across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (Fish Clay, Stevns Klint, Denmark): Implications for our understanding of species-selective extinction Jens Wendler and Helmut Willems	265
20.	Abrupt extinction and subsequent reworking of Cretaceous planktonic foraminifers across the Cretaceous- Tertiary boundary: Evidence from the subtropical North Atlantic Brian T. Huber, Kenneth G. MacLeod, and Richard D. Norris	277
21.	Faunal changes across the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary in the Atlantic coastal plain of New Jersey: Restructuring the marine community after the K-T mass-extinction event William B. Gallagher	291
22.	Giant ground birds at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Extinction or survival? Eric Buffetaut	303
23.	Dinosaurs that did not die: Evidence for Paleocene dinosaurs in the Ojo Alamo Sandstone, San Juan Basin, New Mexico James E. Fassett, Robert A. Zielinski, and James R. Budahn	307
24.	Sulfur isotopic compositions across terrestrial Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary successions Teruyuki Maruoka, Christian Koeberl, Jason Newton, Iain Gilmour, and Bruce R Bohor	337
25.	Natural fullerenes from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary layer at Anjar, Kutch, India G. Parthasarathy, N. Bhandari, M. Vairamani, A.C. Kunwar, and B. Narasaiah	345
26.	Organic geochemical investigation of terrestrial Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary successions from Brownie Butte, Montana, and the Raton Basin, New Mexico A.F. Gardner and 1. Gilmour	351
Permian-Triassic Boundary
27.	End-Permian mass extinctions: A review Douglas H. Erwin, Samuel A. Bowring, and Jin Yugan	363
28.	Permian-Triassic boundary in the southwestern United States: Hiatus or continuity? Walter Alvarez and Diane O'Connor	385
29.	Extent, duration, and nature of the Permian-Triassic superanoxic event Paul B. Wignall and Richard J. Twitchett	395
30.	Abruptness of the end-Permian mass extinction as determined from biostratigraphic and cyclostratigraphic analyses of European western Tethyan sections Michael R. Rampino, Andreas Prokoph, Andre C. Adler, and Dylan M. Schwindt	415
31.	Permian-Triassic boundary in the northwest Karoo Basin: Current stratigraphic placement, implications for basin development models, and the search for evidence of impact P. John Hancox, D. Brandt, W.U. Reimold, C. Koeberl, and J. Neveling	429
32.	Chemical signatures of the Permian-Triassic transitional environment in Spiti Valley, India A.D. Shukla, N. Bhandari, and R.N. Shukla	445
33.	Synchronous record of d¹³C shifts in the oceans and atmosphere at the end of the Permian Mark A. Sephton, Cindy V. Looy, Ruben J. Veefkind, Henk Brinkhius, Jan W. De Leeuw, and Henk Visscher	455
Other Extinctions and Boundaries
34.	Late Ordovician extinction: A Laurentian view William B.N. Berry, Robert L. Ripperdan, and Stanley C. Finney	463
35.	Late Devonian sea-level changes, catastrophic events, and mass extinctions Charles A. Sandberg, Jared R. Morrow, and Willi Ziegler	473
36.	Impact-generated carbonate accretionary lapilli in the Late Devonian Alamo Breccia John E. Warme, Matthew Morgan, and Hans-Christian Kuehner	489
37.	Continental Triassic-Jurassic boundary in central Pangea: Recent progress and discussion of an Ir anomaly Paul E. Olsen, Christian Koeberl, Heinz Huber, Alessandro Montanari, Sarah J. Fowell, Mohammed Et-Touhami, and Dennis V. Kent	505
38.	Dating the end- Triassic and Early Jurassic mass extinctions, correlative large igneous provinces, and isotopic events József Pálfy, Paul L. Smith, and James K. Mortensen	523
39.	Sea-level changes and black shales associated with the late Paleocene thermal maximum: Organic-geochemical and micropaleontologic evidence from the southern Tethyan margin (Egypt-Israel) Robert P. Speijer and Thomas Wagner Case Studies	533
40.	Sedimentary record of impact events in Spain Enrique Díaz-Martínez, Enrique Sanz-Rubio, and Jésus Martínez-Frías	551
41.	Postglacial impact events in Estonia and their influence on people and the environment Anto Raukas	563
Experiments, Methods, and Model Calculations
42.	Mineralogical investigations of experimentally shocked dolomite: Implications for the outgassing of carbonates Roman Skála, Jana Ederová, Pavel Matejka, and Friedrich Hörz	571
43.	How strong was impact-induced C02 degassing in the Cretaceous-Tertiary event? Numerical modeling of shock recovery experiments Boris A. Ivanov, Falko Langenhorst, Alexander Deutsch, and Ulrich Hornemann	587
44.	Laboratory impact experiments versus natural impact events Paul S. DeCarli, Emma Bowden, Adrian P. Jones, and G. David Price	595
45.	Comparison of the osmium and chromium isotopic methods for the detection off meteoritic components in impactites: Examples from the Morokweng and Vredefort impact structures, South Africa Christian Koeberl, Bernhard Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Wolf Uwe Reimold, Alex Shukolyukov, and Günter W. Lugmair	607
46.	Numerical modeling of the formation of large impact craters Boris A. Ivanov and Natalia A. Artemieva	619
47.	Multiple stages of condensation in impact-produced vapor clouds Detlef de Niem	631
Astronomical Studies
48.	On the completeness of the discovery rate of the potentially hazardous asteroids Eric W. Elst	645
49.	Possible sources of Earth crossers Nina A. Solovaya and Eduard M. Pittich	651
50.	Measurement of the lunar impact record for the past 3.5 by. and implications for the Nemesis theory Richard A. Muller	659
51.	Role of the galaxy in periodic impacts and mass extinctions on the Earth Michael R. Rampino	667
52.	Solar system linked to a gigantic interstellar cloud during the past 500 my.: Implications for a galactic theory of terrestrial catastrophism Carlos A. Olano	679
Impacts and Extinction Mechanisms
53.	Grazing meteoroids could ignite continental-scale fires Vladimir V. Svetsov	685
54.	Atmospheric erosion and radiation impulse induced by impacts V.V. Shuvalov and N.A. Artemieva	695
55.	Toxins produced by meteorite impacts and their possible role in a biotic mass extinction M.V. Gerasimov	705
56.	Modeling long-term climatic effects of impacts: First results Thomas Luder, Willy Benz, and Thomas F. Stocker	717
Index		731