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Table of Contents - Special Paper 375

Natural hazards in El Salvador

Edited by William I. Rose, Julian J. Bommer, Dina L. López, Michael J. Carr, and Jon J. Major


1. Natural hazards and risk mitigation in El Salvador: An introduction
William I. Rose, Julian J. Bommer, and Ciro A. Sandoval
1

Landslides and Debris Flows
2. The voluminous Acajutla debris avalanche from Santa Ana volcano, western El Salvador, and comparison with other Central American edifice-failure events
Lee Siebert, Paul Kimberly, and Carlos R. Pullinger
5
3. The Las Colinas landslide, Santa Tecla: A highly destructive flowslide triggered by the January 13, 2001, El Salvador earthquake
Stephen G. Evans and Allison L. Bent
25
4. Las Colinas landslide: Rapid and long-traveling soil flow caused by the January 13, 2001, El Salvador earthquake
Kazuo Konagai, Jorgen Johansson, Paola Mayorca, Ryosuke Uzuoka, Tetsuro Yamamoto, Masakatsu Miyajima, Nelson Pulido, Kyoji Sassa, Hiroshi Fukuoka, and Freddy Duran
39
5. Geologic and engineering characterization of Tierra Blanca pyroclastic ash deposits
Reinaldo Rolo, Julian J. Bommer, Bruce F. Houghton, James W. Vallance, Panagiotis Berdousis, Christina Mavrommati, and William Murphy
55
6. Landslides triggered by the 13 January and 13 February 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador
Randall W. Jibson, Anthony J. Crone, Edwin L. Harp, Rex L. Baum, Jon J. Major, Carlos R. Pullinger, C. Demetrio Escobar, Mauricio Martínez, and Mark E. Smith
69
7. Debris-flow hazards at San Salvador, San Vicente, and San Miguel volcanoes, El Salvador
Jon J. Major, Steven P. Schilling, Carlos R. Pullinger, and C. Demetrio Escobar
89

Volcanic Hazards
8. Apocalypse then: Social science approaches to volcanism, people, and cultures in the Zapotitán Valley, El Salvador
Payson Sheets
109
9. The acid volcanic lake of Santa Ana Volcano, El Salvador
Alain Bernard, Carlos Demetrio Escobar, Agnès Mazot, and Ruben Eduardo Gutiérrez
121
10. Spatial and temporal variations of diffuse CO2 degassing at Santa Ana–Izalco–Coatepeque volcanic complex, El Salvador, Central America
José M.L. Salazar, Pedro A. Hernández, Nemesio M. Pérez, Rodolfo Olmos, Francisco Barahona, Rafael Cartagena, Tomás Soriano, Dina L. López, Hirochika Sumino, and Kenji Notsu
135
11. Eruptive history and volcanic hazards of Volcán San Salvador
Darrell Sofield
147
12. Subaqueous intracaldera volcanism, Ilopango Caldera, El Salvador, Central America
Crystal P. Mann, John Stix, James W. Vallance, and Mathieu Richer
159
13. Mafic magma injection triggers eruption at Ilopango Caldera, El Salvador, Central America
Mathieu Richer, Crystal P. Mann, and John Stix
175
14. Dynamics of diffuse degassing at Ilopango Caldera, El Salvador
Dina L. López, Loretta Ransom, Nemesio M. Pérez, Pedro A. Hernández, and Jeannette Monterrosa
191
15. Diffuse soil degassing of carbon dioxide, radon, and mercury at San Miguel volcano, El Salvador
Rafael Cartagena, Rodolfo Olmos, Dina L. López, Tomás Soriano, Francisco Barahona, Pedro A. Hernández, and Nemesio M. Pérez
203
16. Physical and chemical evolution of San Miguel volcano, El Salvador
Craig A. Chesner, Carlos R. Pullinger, and C. Demetrio Escobar
213
17. Diffuse CO2 and 222Rn degassing from San Salvador volcano, El Salvador, Central America
Nemesio M. Pérez, José M.L. Salazar, Pedro A. Hernández, Tomás Soriano, Dina L. López, and Kenji Notsu
227
18. Lessons from the mud, lessons from the Maya: Paleoecological records of the Tierra Blanca Joven eruption
Robert A. Dull
237
19. Hydrothermal eruptions in El Salvador: A review
Salvador Handal and Luz Antonina Barrios
245

Seismic Hazards
20. Seismograph networks and seismic observation in El Salvador and Central America
Mario Fernández, C. Demetrio Escobar, and Carlos A. Redondo
257
21. Seismic vulnerability of the healthcare system in El Salvador and recovery after the 2001 earthquakes
Ruben L. Boroschek
269
22. Adobe housing in El Salvador: Earthquake performance and seismic improvement
D.M. Dowling
281
23. Seismic hazard assessments, seismic design codes, and earthquake engineering in El Salvador
Manuel López, Julian J. Bommer, and Rui Pinho
301
24. Local site effects on microtremors, weak and strong ground motion in San Salvador, El Salvador
Kuvvet Atakan, Mauricio Ciudad Real, and Rodolfo Torres
321
25. Analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of the 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador
B. Benito, J.M. Cepeda, and J.J. Martínez Diaz
339
26. Two earthquake databases for Central America
Conrad Daniel Lindholm, Carlos A. Redondo, and Hilmar Bungham
357
27. Seismicity and tectonics of El Salvador
James W. Dewey, Randall A. White, and Douglas A. Hernández
363
28. Seismic history of the Middle America subduction zone along El Salvador, Guatemala, and Chiapas, Mexico: 1526–2000
Randall A. White, Juan Pablo Ligorría, and Ines Lucia Cifuentes
379
29. The Mw 7.6 El Salvador earthquake of 13 January 2001 and implications for seismic hazard in El Salvador
Allison L. Bent and Stephen G. Evans
397
30. Strong-motion characteristics of January and February 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador
J.M. Cepeda, M.B. Benito, and E.A. Burgos
405
31. Monte Carlo seismic hazard maps for northern Central America, covering El Salvador and surrounding area
Behrooz Tavakoli and David Monterroso
423
32. Tsunami hazards in El Salvador
Mario Fernández, Modesto Ortiz-Figueroa, and Raúl Mora
435

Social Issues
33. The earthquake of January 2001: Strengths and weaknesses in the social response
Ludvina Colbeau-Justin and Max Mauriol
445
34. Social perspectives on hazards and disasters in El Salvador
Ana Elizabeth Araniva de Gonzalez
453
35. Risks and disasters in El Salvador: Economic, environmental, and social aspects
L. González, L. Romano, and L. Salamanca
461
36. Damages and losses of the 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador
Ricardo Zapata Martí and Roberto Jovel
471