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Table of Contents - Special Paper 375

Natural hazards in El Salvador

Edited by William I. Rose, Julian J. Bommer, Dina L. López, Michael J. Carr, and Jon J. Major

1.	Natural hazards and risk mitigation in El Salvador: An introduction William I. Rose, Julian J. Bommer, and Ciro A. Sandoval	1
Landslides and Debris Flows
2.	The voluminous Acajutla debris avalanche from Santa Ana volcano, western El Salvador, and comparison with other Central American edifice-failure events Lee Siebert, Paul Kimberly, and Carlos R. Pullinger	5
3.	The Las Colinas landslide, Santa Tecla: A highly destructive flowslide triggered by the January 13, 2001, El Salvador earthquake Stephen G. Evans and Allison L. Bent	25
4.	Las Colinas landslide: Rapid and long-traveling soil flow caused by the January 13, 2001, El Salvador earthquake Kazuo Konagai, Jorgen Johansson, Paola Mayorca, Ryosuke Uzuoka, Tetsuro Yamamoto, Masakatsu Miyajima, Nelson Pulido, Kyoji Sassa, Hiroshi Fukuoka, and Freddy Duran	39
5.	Geologic and engineering characterization of Tierra Blanca pyroclastic ash deposits Reinaldo Rolo, Julian J. Bommer, Bruce F. Houghton, James W. Vallance, Panagiotis Berdousis, Christina Mavrommati, and William Murphy	55
6.	Landslides triggered by the 13 January and 13 February 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador Randall W. Jibson, Anthony J. Crone, Edwin L. Harp, Rex L. Baum, Jon J. Major, Carlos R. Pullinger, C. Demetrio Escobar, Mauricio Martínez, and Mark E. Smith	69
7.	Debris-flow hazards at San Salvador, San Vicente, and San Miguel volcanoes, El Salvador Jon J. Major, Steven P. Schilling, Carlos R. Pullinger, and C. Demetrio Escobar	89
Volcanic Hazards
8.	Apocalypse then: Social science approaches to volcanism, people, and cultures in the Zapotitán Valley, El Salvador Payson Sheets	109
9.	The acid volcanic lake of Santa Ana Volcano, El Salvador Alain Bernard, Carlos Demetrio Escobar, Agnès Mazot, and Ruben Eduardo Gutiérrez	121
10.	Spatial and temporal variations of diffuse CO₂ degassing at Santa Ana–Izalco–Coatepeque volcanic complex, El Salvador, Central America José M.L. Salazar, Pedro A. Hernández, Nemesio M. Pérez, Rodolfo Olmos, Francisco Barahona, Rafael Cartagena, Tomás Soriano, Dina L. López, Hirochika Sumino, and Kenji Notsu	135
11.	Eruptive history and volcanic hazards of Volcán San Salvador Darrell Sofield	147
12.	Subaqueous intracaldera volcanism, Ilopango Caldera, El Salvador, Central America Crystal P. Mann, John Stix, James W. Vallance, and Mathieu Richer	159
13.	Mafic magma injection triggers eruption at Ilopango Caldera, El Salvador, Central America Mathieu Richer, Crystal P. Mann, and John Stix	175
14.	Dynamics of diffuse degassing at Ilopango Caldera, El Salvador Dina L. López, Loretta Ransom, Nemesio M. Pérez, Pedro A. Hernández, and Jeannette Monterrosa	191
15.	Diffuse soil degassing of carbon dioxide, radon, and mercury at San Miguel volcano, El Salvador Rafael Cartagena, Rodolfo Olmos, Dina L. López, Tomás Soriano, Francisco Barahona, Pedro A. Hernández, and Nemesio M. Pérez	203
16.	Physical and chemical evolution of San Miguel volcano, El Salvador Craig A. Chesner, Carlos R. Pullinger, and C. Demetrio Escobar	213
17.	Diffuse CO₂ and ²²²Rn degassing from San Salvador volcano, El Salvador, Central America Nemesio M. Pérez, José M.L. Salazar, Pedro A. Hernández, Tomás Soriano, Dina L. López, and Kenji Notsu	227
18.	Lessons from the mud, lessons from the Maya: Paleoecological records of the Tierra Blanca Joven eruption Robert A. Dull	237
19.	Hydrothermal eruptions in El Salvador: A review Salvador Handal and Luz Antonina Barrios	245
Seismic Hazards
20.	Seismograph networks and seismic observation in El Salvador and Central America Mario Fernández, C. Demetrio Escobar, and Carlos A. Redondo	257
21.	Seismic vulnerability of the healthcare system in El Salvador and recovery after the 2001 earthquakes Ruben L. Boroschek	269
22.	Adobe housing in El Salvador: Earthquake performance and seismic improvement D.M. Dowling	281
23.	Seismic hazard assessments, seismic design codes, and earthquake engineering in El Salvador Manuel López, Julian J. Bommer, and Rui Pinho	301
24.	Local site effects on microtremors, weak and strong ground motion in San Salvador, El Salvador Kuvvet Atakan, Mauricio Ciudad Real, and Rodolfo Torres	321
25.	Analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of the 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador B. Benito, J.M. Cepeda, and J.J. Martínez Diaz	339
26.	Two earthquake databases for Central America Conrad Daniel Lindholm, Carlos A. Redondo, and Hilmar Bungham	357
27.	Seismicity and tectonics of El Salvador James W. Dewey, Randall A. White, and Douglas A. Hernández	363
28.	Seismic history of the Middle America subduction zone along El Salvador, Guatemala, and Chiapas, Mexico: 1526–2000 Randall A. White, Juan Pablo Ligorría, and Ines Lucia Cifuentes	379
29.	The Mw 7.6 El Salvador earthquake of 13 January 2001 and implications for seismic hazard in El Salvador Allison L. Bent and Stephen G. Evans	397
30.	Strong-motion characteristics of January and February 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador J.M. Cepeda, M.B. Benito, and E.A. Burgos	405
31.	Monte Carlo seismic hazard maps for northern Central America, covering El Salvador and surrounding area Behrooz Tavakoli and David Monterroso	423
32.	Tsunami hazards in El Salvador Mario Fernández, Modesto Ortiz-Figueroa, and Raúl Mora	435
Social Issues
33.	The earthquake of January 2001: Strengths and weaknesses in the social response Ludvina Colbeau-Justin and Max Mauriol	445
34.	Social perspectives on hazards and disasters in El Salvador Ana Elizabeth Araniva de Gonzalez	453
35.	Risks and disasters in El Salvador: Economic, environmental, and social aspects L. González, L. Romano, and L. Salamanca	461
36.	Damages and losses of the 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador Ricardo Zapata Martí and Roberto Jovel	471