| Abstract |
1 |
| Introduction |
2 |
| Materials and Methods |
4 |
| |
Institutional Abbreviations |
5 |
| Terrestrial Locomotion |
7 |
| |
Stance and Gait |
7 |
| |
Forelimb Joints |
9 |
| |
Hip Joint |
9 |
| |
Knee Joint |
11 |
| |
Ankle Joint |
11 |
| |
Pedal Stance |
11 |
| |
Trackways |
11 |
| |
Quadrupedal Walking |
12 |
| |
Bipedal Running |
13 |
| Wing Design |
14 |
| |
Comparative Morphology of the Wing |
14 |
| |
|
Wing Geometry |
16 |
| |
|
Camber |
18 |
| |
|
Wingtips |
20 |
| |
|
Actinofibrils |
20 |
| |
|
Hair |
22 |
| Wing Adaptations for Powered Flight |
23 |
| |
Skeletal Elements |
23 |
| |
Wing Joints |
23 |
| |
Flight Muscles |
26 |
| |
Stability and Neural Control |
28 |
| Aerodynamic Constraints |
28 |
| |
Mass |
29 |
| |
Wing Area and Wing Span |
31 |
| |
Aspect Ratio |
31 |
| |
Wing Loading |
31 |
| |
Weight |
31 |
| |
|
Aerodynamic Performance Estimation |
31 |
| Gliding and Soaring |
39 |
| |
Gliding |
39 |
| |
Soaring |
42 |
| Hovering and Flapping |
44 |
| |
Power Required and Power Available |
44 |
| |
Hovering Flight |
46 |
| |
Steady Level Flight |
46 |
| |
Formation Flight |
46 |
| Takeoff and Landing |
48 |
| |
Takeoff |
48 |
| |
Landing |
53 |
| Sexual Dimorphism and Aerodynamic Function of the Head |
53 |
| |
Sexual Dimorphism |
54 |
| |
Thermoregulation |
55 |
| |
Aerial Turns |
55 |
| Ecology, Evolution, and Extinction |
55 |
| |
Ecology |
56 |
| |
Origin and Evolution |
57 |
| |
Body Size |
58 |
| |
Extinction |
60 |
| Acknowledgments |
61 |
| References Cited |
61 |