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Table of Contents - Special Paper 386Reconstruction of Pleistocene Ice-Dammed Lake Outburst Floods in the Altai Mountains, SiberiaEdited by Jürgen Herget |
Abstract | 1 | ||
Chapter 1. Introduction |
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Problems | 3 | ||
Aims | 3 | ||
Methods | 4 | ||
Structure of the Study | 4 | ||
Chapter 2. Ice-Dammed Lakes and Jökulhlaups |
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2.1 Classification of Ice-Dammed Lakes | 7 | ||
2.2 Mode of Drainage and Outburst Mechanisms | 8 | ||
2,3 Hydrographs of Jökulhlaups | 9 | ||
2.4 Occurrence and Distribution | 9 | ||
Chapter 3. Altai Mountains |
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3.1 Location and Geology | 13 | ||
3.2 Current Climate | 15 | ||
3.3 Quaternary of Altai Mountains | 16 | ||
Chapter 4. Evidence of Jökulhlaups in the Altai Mountains |
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4.1 Previous Studies and Reviews | 19 | ||
4.2 Flood-Related Features | 22 | ||
4.2.1 Lake Sediments and Shorelines | 22 | ||
4.2.2 Ice Dam and Failure Mechanism | 24 | ||
4.2.3 Giant Bars and Indication of Flow Conditions | 27 | ||
4.2.4 Secondary Lakes | 34 | ||
4.2.5 Gravel Dunes | 35 | ||
4.2.6 Erosional Forms | 37 | ||
4.2.7 Boulder Deposits | 38 | ||
4.3 Criticism on Occurrence of Jökulhlaups in the Altai Mountains | 38 | ||
4.4 Open Questions | 39 | ||
Chapter 5. Reconstruction of the Floods |
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5.1 Uniform Flow Calculation | 41 | ||
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5.1.1 Introduction | 41 | |
5.1.2 Hydraulic Background | 41 | ||
5.1.3 Data from the Altai Mountains | 42 | ||
5.1.4 Paleohydraulic Calculations | 42 | ||
5.1.5 Discussion | 44 | ||
5.2 Flow Calculation by HEC-RAS | 44 | ||
5.2.1 Introduction | 44 | ||
5.2.2 Hydraulics | 45 | ||
5.2.3 Paleostage Indicators | 46 | ||
5.2.4 Paleohydraulic Calculation | 47 | ||
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5.2.4.1 Previous water level calculations of Pleistocene outburst floods | 47 | |
5.2.4.2 Previous water profile calculations for the flood in the Altai Mountains | 49 | ||
5.2.4.3 Calculations for mixed flow regime | 53 | ||
5.2.5 Discussion | 56 | ||
5.3 Velocity Head Calculations using Run-Up Sediments | 57 | ||
5.3.1 Introduction | 57 | ||
5.3.2 Hydraulics | 57 | ||
5.3.3 Run-Up Sediments in Chuja and Katun Valley | 58 | ||
5.3.4 Paleohydraulic Calculation | 59 | ||
5.3.5 Discussion | 61 | ||
5.4 Correlation of Lake Volume and Peak Discharge | 62 | ||
5.4.1 Introduction | 62 | ||
5.4.2 Hydraulics | 66 | ||
5.4.3 Volume of Ice-Dammed Lake | 67 | ||
5.4.4 Paleohydraulic Calculation | 67 | ||
5.4.5 Discussion | 67 | ||
5.5 Boulder Transport | 68 | ||
5.5.1 Introduction | 68 | ||
5.5.2 Hydraulic Background | 68 | ||
5.5.3 Boulders near Inja Village | 71 | ||
5.5.4 Paleohydraulic Calculations | 71 | ||
5.5.5 Discussion | 72 | ||
5.6 Gravel dunes | 73 | ||
5.6.1 Introduction | 73 | ||
5.6.2 Hydraulic Background | 73 | ||
5.6.3 Dune Data for Paleohydraulic Reconstruction | 76 | ||
5.6.4 Paleohydraulic Calculations | 82 | ||
5.6.5 Discussion | 86 | ||
5.7 Obstacle marks | 86 | ||
5.7.1 Introduction | 86 | ||
5.7.2 Hydraulic Background | 88 | ||
5.7.2.1 Submerged obstacles | 88 | ||
5.7.2.2 Bridge piers | 88 | ||
5.7.3 Examples of Obstacle Marks in Chuja and Katun Valleys | 92 | ||
5.7.3 Paleohydraulic Calculations | 97 | ||
5.7.3 Discussion | 100 | ||
Chapter 6. Review of Dynamics of the Altai Jökulhlaups |
101 |
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Acknowledgments |
103 |
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Appendices |
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Table A1. Location and Characteristics of Flood Features | 104 | ||
Table A2. Bar Surfaces and Levels from Topographic Maps | 110 | ||
References Cited |
111 |