Abstract |
1 |
Introduction |
3 |
 |
Regional Geology |
3 |
|
Hydrothermal Explosions |
3 |
|
Large Hydrothermal Explosion Events in Yellowstone |
7 |
|
Importance of Hydrothermal Explosion Studies |
7 |
Methodology and Fieldwork |
10 |
|
Field Methods |
10 |
|
Geochronology |
13 |
|
Chemistry, Mineralogy, Oxygen Isotope, and Fluid Inclusion Analyses of Hydrothermal Explosion Deposits |
13 |
|
Special Mapping Techniques |
15 |
Results |
15 |
|
Large Hydrothermal Explosion Events in Yellowstone National Park |
15 |
|
Northern Basin of Yellowstone Lake and Vicinity |
28 |
|
 |
Indian Pond Hydrothermal Explosion Crater |
30 |
|
|
Elliott’s Crater |
30 |
|
|
Turbid Lake |
33 |
|
|
Mary Bay Hydrothermal Explosion Crater |
35 |
|
|
 |
Mary Bay hydrothermal explosion breccia |
36 |
|
|
|
Multiple events associated with the Mary Bay hydrothermal explosion |
40 |
|
|
|
Breccia-filled fractures along the original Mary Bay crater wall |
42 |
|
|
|
Preexisting hydrothermal system(s) prior to large explosion event at Mary Bay |
42 |
|
|
|
Sand beds underlying the Mary Bay explosion breccia |
44 |
|
|
Other Hydrothermal Explosion Craters North of Yellowstone Lake |
45 |
|
|
|
Sulfur Hills hydrothermal explosion crater |
45 |
|
|
|
Fern Lake hydrothermal explosion crater |
46 |
|
|
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Hot Spring Geyser Basin |
46 |
|
West Thumb Geyser Basin |
46 |
|
|
Duck Lake Hydrothermal Explosion Crater |
46 |
|
|
Evil Twin Hydrothermal Explosion Crater |
48 |
|
Central Basin of Yellowstone Lake |
52 |
|
|
Frank Island Hydrothermal Explosion Crater |
52 |
|
|
Possible Explosion Craters East of Frank Island |
52 |
|
Lower Geyser Basin |
52 |
|
|
Twin Buttes |
52 |
|
|
Pocket Basin |
52 |
|
Norris-Mammoth Corridor |
55 |
|
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Roaring Mountain |
55 |
|
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Semi-Centennial Hydrothermal Explosion Crater |
55 |
|
Chemistry and Oxygen Isotopes of Hydrothermal Explosion Deposits |
55 |
|
|
Breccia Geochemistry |
55 |
|
|
Comparative Geochemistry |
56 |
|
|
|
Minor and trace elements |
58 |
|
|
|
Stable isotopes |
61 |
|
Related Hydrothermal Features |
63 |
|
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Large Hydrothermal Domes |
63 |
|
|
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Storm Point hydrothermal dome |
63 |
|
|
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Domes on the floor of Yellowstone Lake |
65 |
|
|
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North Basin hydrothermal dome (“inflated plain”) |
|
65 |
|
|
Joints |
68 |
|
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Bridge Bay: Shallow deformation processes associated with hydrothermal fluids |
68 |
|
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Storm Point joints |
68 |
|
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Black Dog hydrothermal breccia pipe |
69 |
|
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Collapse Craters and Dissolution |
69 |
Discussion |
69 |
|
Controls on Distribution and Development of Hydrothermal Systems in Yellowstone National Park |
71 |
|
|
Influence of Lava Flows on Fluid Flow |
71 |
|
|
Local Structural Control |
73 |
|
Hydrothermal Processes Related to Alteration, Self-Sealing, and Dissolution |
74 |
|
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Alteration, Dissolution, and Self-Sealing in Subaerial Environments |
75 |
|
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Alteration, Dissolution, and Self-Sealing in Sublacustrine Environments |
75 |
|
Large Hydrothermal Explosions |
76 |
|
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Triggering Mechanisms of Large Hydrothermal Explosions |
78 |
|
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The Mary Bay hydrothermal explosion: An extreme event |
80 |
|
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Energy Considerations for Large Hydrothermal Explosions in Yellowstone |
81 |
|
Recent Hydrothermal Explosions: Examples of Smaller Events in Yellowstone |
81 |
|
Potential Hazards Associated with Hydrothermal Explosions in Yellowstone |
85 |
|
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Do Large Hydrothermal Domes Pose a Hazard in Yellowstone? |
85 |
|
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Effects of Seasonal Lake Level Variations on Hydrothermal Venting in Yellowstone Lake |
86 |
|
|
Role of Seismicity |
87 |
Conclusions |
88 |
Acknowledgments |
90 |
References Cited |
91 |