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Table of Contents - Special Paper 467Mining and Metallurgy in Ancient Perúby Georg Petersen G. |
Introduction Gianluca Groppelli and Lothar Viereck-Goette |
v | ||||
Introduction to the English translation of Mining and Metallurgy in Ancient Perú William E. Brooks |
vii | ||||
Preface: Georg Petersen Gaulke, 1898–1985 C. Richard Petersen | xiii | ||||
Letter from Duccio Bonavia | xv | ||||
Letter from Alfredo Gurmendi | xvi | ||||
Prologue | xix | ||||
Acknowledgments | xxi | ||||
Introduction | 1 | ||||
Chapter 1. Minerals, Gems, and Pigments |
3 |
||||
Paintings at Sacsahuaman | 9 | ||||
Pigments from Paracas | 9 | ||||
Pigments from Pachacamac | 10 | ||||
Polychromatic Pigments from Vieja Lima | 10 | ||||
Polychrome Murals from Pañamarca | 10 | ||||
Miscellaneous (Pearls, Mother of Pearl, Mollusks, Abalone, Shark Teeth, and Silicified Wood) | 12 | ||||
Other Mollusks Found in Ancient Burials | 14 | ||||
Chapter 2. Ornamental and Industrial Stone |
15 | ||||
Construction | 15 | ||||
Igneous Origin | 15 | ||||
Sedimentary Origin | 15 | ||||
Metamorphic Origin | 16 | ||||
Statues, Stellae, Monoliths, Idols, and Other Purposes | 16 | ||||
Artifacts and Tools | 17 | ||||
Andesite, Granodiorite, Granite, Porphyry, and Diorite | 17 | ||||
Silicified Clay, Limey Clay, Silicified Slates | 17 | ||||
Quartz, Slate, Flint, Obsidian, Crystalline Quartz, Rose Quartz, Opal, Onyx, Topaz, Turquoise, and Others | 18 | ||||
Quarries, Building, and Construction Materials | 18 | ||||
Other Mineral Materials used for Construction | 19 | ||||
Toma Luz Center | 20 | ||||
Road Metal | 21 | ||||
Adobe | 21 | ||||
Adobón | 21 | ||||
Chapter 3. Metals |
23 | ||||
Gold | 23 | ||||
Colombia | 23 | ||||
Perú | 23 | ||||
Vein Occurrences | 23 | ||||
Alluvial Occurrences | 24 | ||||
Alluvial Gold Mining | 26 | ||||
Bolivia | 27 | ||||
Silver | 27 | ||||
Copper | 28 | ||||
Mercury | 29 | ||||
Additional Observations | 29 | ||||
Tin | 29 | ||||
Bolivia | 29 | ||||
Chile | 30 | ||||
Perú | 30 | ||||
Lead | 30 | ||||
Iron | 31 | ||||
Iron Minerals, Oxides, Hydroxides, and Sulfides | 32 | ||||
Platinum | 33 | ||||
Bolivia | 33 | ||||
Chile | 33 | ||||
Colombia | 33 | ||||
Ecuador | 33 | ||||
Perú | 34 | ||||
Rio Santiago | 34 | ||||
Piura-Tumbes | 34 | ||||
Lambayeque | 34 | ||||
Cerro de Pasco | 34 | ||||
Paracas | 34 | ||||
Cusco | 34 | ||||
Chapter 4. Mining |
35 | ||||
Ancient Mining Camps | 35 | ||||
Bolivia | 35 | ||||
Chile | 35 | ||||
Perú | 35 | ||||
Open-Pit Mining | 35 | ||||
Alluvial Occurrences | 35 | ||||
Mineralized Veins | 35 | ||||
Underground Workings | 36 | ||||
Mining Methods | 36 | ||||
Mining Tools | 36 | ||||
Stone Implements | 36 | ||||
Metal | 37 | ||||
Ceramic | 37 | ||||
Horn and Bone | 37 | ||||
Wood and Other Materials | 37 | ||||
Sites Where Tools Have Been Found | 38 | ||||
Perú | 38 | ||||
Argentina | 38 | ||||
Bolivia | 38 | ||||
Chile | 38 | ||||
Chapter 5. The Chuquicamata Mummy, an Ancient Mining Accident |
39 | ||||
Chapter 6. Inca Mining in the Altiplano |
41 | ||||
Etymology of Titicaca | 43 | ||||
Quechua Etymology | 44 | ||||
Aymara Etymology | 44 | ||||
Chapter 7. Metallurgy |
47 | ||||
Gold | 47 | ||||
Silver | 47 | ||||
Curamba Smelter | 48 | ||||
Mercury | 49 | ||||
Tin | 49 | ||||
Copper | 49 | ||||
Qualitative Analysis of Native Copper from Perú | 50 | ||||
A Metallurgical Center at Chan Chan | 51 | ||||
Copper Metallurgy in Northern Chile | 53 | ||||
Copper Metallurgy in Bolivia | 54 | ||||
Chapter 8. Alloys |
55 | ||||
Gold-Silver | 55 | ||||
Gold-Copper | 56 | ||||
Depletion Gilding | 57 | ||||
Gold-Platinum | 58 | ||||
Silver-Copper | 58 | ||||
Silver-Tin | 58 | ||||
Copper-Lead | 58 | ||||
Copper-Silicon | 59 | ||||
Copper-Tin (Bronze) | 59 | ||||
In Quechua | 59 | ||||
In Aymara | 59 | ||||
Bronze Smelting | 59 | ||||
A Star-Shaped Bronze Clubhead | 60 | ||||
Copper-Arsenic | 61 | ||||
Other Copper Alloys | 62 | ||||
Chapter 9. Metalworking and Fabrication |
63 | ||||
Cold-Hammered Artifacts | 63 | ||||
Welding | 63 | ||||
Agglutination | 63 | ||||
Gilding | 63 | ||||
Casting (Lost Wax) | 64 | ||||
Chapter 10. Mirrors |
65 | ||||
Anthracite | 65 | ||||
Gold | 65 | ||||
Silver | 65 | ||||
Obsidian | 65 | ||||
Hematite | 65 | ||||
Bronze | 66 | ||||
Pyrite | 66 | ||||
Volcanic Rock | 66 | ||||
Endnotes |
67 | ||||
References Cited and Other Selected References |
70 | ||||
Figures |
75 | ||||
Appendix: Selected Bibliography |
88 | ||||
Cremation and the Chan Chan Burned Site | 88 | ||||
The Chuquicamata Mummy | 88 | ||||
Cinnabar, Mercury, and Small-Scale Gold Mining | 88 | ||||
Coal | 88 | ||||
General | 89 | ||||
Gold and Platinum | 89 | ||||
Guano/Fertilizer | 89 | ||||
Hazards | 89 | ||||
Minerals, Gems, and Pigments | 90 | ||||
Mining, Metallurgy, and Alloys | 90 | ||||
Ornamental and Industrial Stone | 90 | ||||
Petroleum | 90 | ||||
Salt | 90 | ||||
Terminology | 90 | ||||
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