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Table of Contents - Memoir 208Exploring the Earth’s Crust—History and Results of Controlled-Source Seismologyby Claus Prodehl and Walter D. Mooney |
Acronyms | ix | ||
Abstract | 1 | ||
Chapter 1: Introduction and Acknowledgments |
3 |
||
Chapter 2: History of Controlled-Source Seismology—A Brief Summary |
7 |
||
2.1. Introduction and Worldwide Reviews | 7 | ||
2.2. Reviews at Regional Scales | 7 | ||
2.3. The First 100 Years (1845–1945) | 7 | ||
2.4. The 1940s (1940–1950) | 10 | ||
2.5. The 1950s (1950–1960) | 11 | ||
2.6. The 1960s (1960–1970) | 13 | ||
2.7. The 1970s (1970–1980) | 19 | ||
2.8. The 1980s (1980–1990) | 22 | ||
2.9. The 1990s and Early 2000s (1990–2005) | 35 | ||
2.10. Outlook | 40 | ||
Chapter 3: The First 100 Years (1845–1945) |
47 |
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3.1. The Beginning of Seismology | 47 | ||
3.2. Early Crustal Structure Investigations from Seismological Observations since 1898 | 48 | ||
3.3. The First Steps into Controlled-Source Seismology—1851–1945 | 51 | ||
Chapter 4: The 1940s (1940–1950) |
59 |
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4.1. The Late 1940s in Central Europe | 59 | ||
4.2. Crustal Study Activities in the 1940s Outside Central Europe | 61 | ||
4.2.1. Soviet Union | 61 | ||
4.2.2. North America | 62 | ||
4.2.3. South Africa | 63 | ||
4.3. Seismic-Refraction Work at Sea | 63 | ||
4.4. State of the Art at the Beginning of the 1950S | 66 | ||
Chapter 5: The 1950s (1950–1960) |
71 |
||
5.1. Seismic-Refraction Investigations in Western Europe in the 1950s | 71 | ||
5.2. The Beginning of Seismic-Refraction Investigations in North America | 74 | ||
5.3. Seismic-Refraction Investigations in Eastern Europe in the 1950s | 80 | ||
5.4. Early Explosion-Seismic Studies in Japan | 87 | ||
5.5. Early Explosion-Seismic Studies in the Southern Hemisphere | 88 | ||
5.5.1. Australia and New Zealand | 88 | ||
5.5.2. South Africa | 88 | ||
5.5.3. South America and Antarctica | 88 | ||
5.6. Seismic-Refraction Oceanic Explorations of the Crust in the 1950s | 89 | ||
5.6.1. Introduction | 89 | ||
5.6.2. Atlantic Ocean | 91 | ||
5.6.3. Pacific and Indian Oceans | 102 | ||
5.6.4. Summary of Seismic Observations in the Oceans in the 1950s | 106 | ||
5.7. Results and Achievements | 107 | ||
Chapter 6: The 1960s (1960–1970) |
113 |
||
6.1. Crustal Structure Research by Quarry Blast Observations and Borehole Shooting | 113 | ||
6.2. Seismic-Refraction Investigations in Western Europe in the 1960s | 113 | ||
6.2.1. Instrumentation | 113 | ||
6.2.2. Seismic-Refraction Experiments in Central and Western Europe | 116 | ||
6.2.3. Seismic Research in Britain and Scandinavia | 120 | ||
6.2.4. Crustal Research in the Alps, Southern France, and Italy | 122 | ||
6.2.5. Advances in Theory and Interpretation | 129 | ||
6.3. The International Deep Seismic Sounding Investigation of Southeastern Europe | 131 | ||
6.3.1. Introduction | 131 | ||
6.3.2. The 1960s in Poland | 133 | ||
6.3.3. International Profiles through Czechoslovakia | 135 | ||
6.3.4. Seismic Research in Eastern Germany in the 1960s | 135 | ||
6.3.5. International Profiles through Hungary | 136 | ||
6.3.6. International Profile III through the Dinarides of Yugoslavia | 136 | ||
6.3.7. International Profiles through Bulgaria | 136 | ||
6.3.8. International Profiles through Romania | 137 | ||
6.4. Seismic Crustal Studies in the USSR | 137 | ||
6.5. Seismic-Refraction Investigations in North America in the 1960s | 145 | ||
6.5.1. Western United States | 145 | ||
6.5.2. Central and Eastern North America | 159 | ||
6.5.3. Achievements in the United States | 163 | ||
6.5.4. Canada and Alaska | 164 | ||
6.5.5. Upper Mantle Projects in North America | 168 | ||
6.6. Explosion Seismology Research in Southeast Asia in the 1960s | 169 | ||
6.7. Explosion Seismology Research in the Southern Hemisphere Continents in the 1960s | 170 | ||
6.7.1. Australia | 170 | ||
6.7.2. Africa and the Afro-Arabian Rift System | 173 | ||
6.7.3. South America | 174 | ||
6.7.4. Antarctica | 174 | ||
6.8. Seismic-Refraction Explorations of the Crust Beneath the Oceans in the 1960s | 176 | ||
6.8.1. Introduction | 176 | ||
6.8.2. The Atlantic Ocean | 177 | ||
6.8.3. The Pacific Ocean | 181 | ||
6.8.4. The Indian Ocean | 189 | ||
6.8.5. Summary of Seismic Observations in the Oceans in the 1960s | 198 | ||
6.9. The State of the Art at the End of the 1960s | 198 | ||
Chapter 7: The 1970s (1970–1980) |
199 |
||
7.1. The Decade of International Cooperation | 199 | ||
7.2. Controlled-Source Seismology in Europe | 200 | ||
7.2.1. Fine Structure of the Lower Lithosphere—The First West European Long-Range Profile | 200 | ||
7.2.2. Crustal Research of the Central European Rift System and the Variscan Basement | 204 | ||
7.2.3. The Mediterranean Region | 205 | ||
7.2.4 Fine Structure of the Lower Lithosphere—The Second Stage of Long-Range Profiling | 212 | ||
7.2.5. Continued Explorations of Anomalous Areas and a Second Stage of Deep-Seismic Reflection Campaigns in Central Europe | 221 | ||
7.2.6. The Third Stage of Long-Range Profiling | 225 | ||
7.2.7. Deep Seismic Sounding Projects in Eastern Europe | 229 | ||
7.3. Deep-Seismic Sounding in Eastern Europe and Adjacent Asia (USSR) | 235 | ||
7.4. Controlled-Source Seismology in North America | 238 | ||
7.4.1. Crustal Seismic-Refraction Work in the United States | 238 | ||
7.4.2. New Seismic-Recording Equipment Opens a New Stage of Crustal Research | 243 | ||
7.4.3. The First Large-Scale Continental Reflection Profiling Project (COCORP and U.S. Geological Survey) | 248 | ||
7.4.4. Canada | 251 | ||
7.5. The Afro-Arabian Rift System | 252 | ||
7.5.1. The Northern End of the East-African Rift System | 252 | ||
7.5.2. First Crustal Studies of the Dead Sea Rift, around the Red Sea, and in Iran | 254 | ||
7.6. Deep Seismic Sounding Studies in Southeast Asia | 256 | ||
7.6.1. India | 256 | ||
7.6.2. China | 259 | ||
7.6.3. Japan | 259 | ||
7.7. Controlled-Source Seismology in the Southern Hemisphere | 261 | ||
7.7.1. Australia and New Zealand | 261 | ||
7.7.2. South Africa | 267 | ||
7.7.3. South America | 269 | ||
7.7.4. Antarctica | 270 | ||
7.8. Oceanic Deep Structure Research | 270 | ||
7.8.1. Introduction | 270 | ||
7.8.2. The Pacific Ocean | 275 | ||
7.8.3. The Indian Ocean | 290 | ||
7.8.4. The Atlantic Ocean | 291 | ||
7.8.5. Summary of Seismic Observations in the Oceans in the 1970s | 304 | ||
7.9. Advances in Interpretation Methodology | 305 | ||
7.10. The State of the Art at the Beginning of the 1980s | 308 | ||
Chapter 8: The 1980s (1980–1990) |
311 |
||
8.1. The Decade of Large-Scale Reflection Seismology and Seismic Ray Tracing | 311 | ||
8.2. Controlled-Source Seismology Workshops | 311 | ||
8.3. Controlled-Source Seismology in Europe | 313 | ||
8.3.1. Large-Scale Seismic-Reflection Surveys in Western Europe | 314 | ||
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8.3.1.1. British Isles (BIRPS and Other Seismic-Reflection Surveys) | 316 |
8.3.1.2. ECORS (France) | 318 | ||
8.3.1.3. CROP (Italy) | 319 | ||
8.3.1.4. Switzerland | 320 | ||
8.3.1.4. DEKORP (Germany) | 320 | ||
8.3.1.5. Czechoslovakia | 324 | ||
8.3.1.6. BABEL (Scandinavia) | 324 | ||
8.3.2. Seismic-Refraction Studies in the British Isles and Ireland | 326 | ||
8.3.3. The German Deep Drillhole Project KTB | 330 | ||
8.3.3.1. Black Forest Location | 330 | ||
8.3.3.2. Oberpfalz Location | 332 | ||
8.3.4. The European Geotraverse | 335 | ||
8.3.4.1. The Northern Segment | 340 | ||
8.3.4.2. The Central Segment | 342 | ||
8.3.4.3. The Southern Segment and Other Investigations in Northwest Africa | 346 | ||
8.3.4.4. Iberian Lithosphere Heterogeneity and Anisotropy Project | 350 | ||
8.3.5. Deep-Seismic Sounding Projects in Eastern Europe | 352 | ||
8.4. Deep Seismic Sounding Projects in Eastern Europe and Adjacent Asia (USSR) | 353 | ||
8.5. Controlled-Source Seismology in North America | 357 | ||
8.5.1. Instrumentation | 357 | ||
8.5.2. Canada | 357 | ||
8.5.3. Continental United States | 363 | ||
8.5.3.1. Seismic-Reflection Surveys | 363 | ||
8.5.3.2. Seismic-Refraction Projects in the Pacific States | 367 | ||
8.5.3.3. Seismic-Refraction Projects in Basin and Range and Rocky Mountains | 373 | ||
8.5.3.4. Seismic Projects in the Eastern United States | 379 | ||
8.5.4. Alaska 385 | 385 | ||
8.6. The Afro-Arabian Rift System | 391 | ||
8.6.1. Crustal Studies of the Dead and Red Sea Areas | 391 | ||
8.6.2. The First Project of Kenya Rift International Seismic Project | 396 | ||
8.7. Deep Seismic Sounding Studies in Southeast Asia | 397 | ||
8.7.1. India | 397 | ||
8.7.2. China | 400 | ||
8.7.3. Japan | 405 | ||
8.8. Controlled-Source Seismology in the Southern Hemisphere | 408 | ||
8.8.1. Australia and New Zealand | 408 | ||
8.8.2. South Africa | 414 | ||
8.8.3. South America | 415 | ||
8.8.4. Antarctica | 416 | ||
8.9. Deep Seismic Sounding Studies in the Oceans | 417 | ||
8.9.1. Introduction | 417 | ||
8.9.2. Pacific Ocean | 420 | ||
8.9.3. Indian Ocean | 424 | ||
8.9.4. Atlantic Ocean | 425 | ||
8.9.5. Summary of Seismic Observations in the Oceans in the 1980s | 439 | ||
8.10. Advances of Instrumental and Interpretation Methodology and the State of Art at the End of the 1980s | 440 | ||
Chapter 9: The 1990s (1990–2000) |
443 |
||
9.1. The First Decade of Digital Recording | 443 | ||
9.1.1. The North American Controlled-Source Seismology Community | 444 | ||
9.1.2. The European Controlled-Source Seismology Community | 446 | ||
9.2. Controlled-Source Seismology in Europe | 448 | ||
9.2.1 The British Isles and Ireland | 448 | ||
9.2.2. Central Europe | 450 | ||
9.2.3. Southern Europe | 462 | ||
9.2.4. Eastern Europe | 470 | ||
9.2.5. North Sea and Northern Europe | 481 | ||
9.3. Deep Seismic Sounding in Eastern Europe and Adjacent Asia (Former USSR) | 484 | ||
9.4. Controlled-Source Seismology in North America | 498 | ||
9.4.1 Canada | 498 | ||
9.4.1.1. LITHOPROBE East | 499 | ||
9.4.1.2. LITHOPROBE Eastern Canadian Shield Onshore-Offshore Transect | 500 | ||
9.4.1.3. LITHOPROBE Abitibi-Grenville Transect | 501 | ||
9.4.1.4. Western Superior Transect | 503 | ||
9.4.1.5. Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect | 503 | ||
9.4.1.6. Alberta Basement Transect and “Deep Probe” | 505 | ||
9.4.1.7. Slave Northern Cordillera Lithospheric Evolution | 507 | ||
9.4.2. United States | 509 | ||
9.4.2.1. Alaska | 509 | ||
9.4.2.2. Pacific Northwest | 512 | ||
9.4.2.3. San Andreas Fault Region | 519 | ||
9.4.2.4. Sierra Nevada and Basin and Range Province | 526 | ||
9.4.2.5. The Rocky Mountain Region | 529 | ||
9.4.2.6. The Southern Appalachian–Atlantic Coast Region | 535 | ||
9.5. The Afro-Arabian Rift System | 536 | ||
9.5.1. The East African Rift System in Kenya | 536 | ||
9.5.2. The East African Rift System in Tanzania | 544 | ||
9.5.3. The Jordan–Dead Sea Transform | 546 | ||
9.6. Deep Seismic Sounding Studies in Southeast Asia | 550 | ||
9.6.1. India and Indonesia | 550 | ||
9.6.2. China | 551 | ||
9.6.3. Japan | 564 | ||
9.7. Controlled-Source Seismology in the Southern Hemisphere | 569 | ||
9.7.1. Australia and New Zealand | 569 | ||
9.7.1.1. Australia | 569 | ||
9.7.1.2. New Zealand | 578 | ||
9.7.2. South Africa | 584 | ||
9.7.3. Central and South America | 584 | ||
9.7.3.1. Mexico and Costa Rica | 584 | ||
9.7.3.2. Northeastern South America | 586 | ||
9.7.3.3. Southern Andean Region of South America | 588 | ||
9.7.4. Antarctica | 599 | ||
9.8. Oceanic Deep Structure Research | 603 | ||
9.8.1. Introduction | 603 | ||
9.8.2. Pacific Ocean | 603 | ||
9.8.3. Indian Ocean | 616 | ||
9.8.4. Atlantic Ocean | 620 | ||
9.8.4.1. South Atlantic Ocean | 620 | ||
9.8.4.2. Mid-Atlantic Ridge | 624 | ||
9.8.4.3. North Atlantic Ocean | 638 | ||
9.8.5. Summary of Seismic Observations in the Oceans in the 1990s | 649 | ||
9.9. Advances in Interpretation Methodology | 650 | ||
9.10. The State of the Art Around 2000 | 652 | ||
Chapter 10: The Twenty-first Century (2000–2005) |
653 |
||
10.1. The Second Decade of Digital Recording | 653 | ||
10.2. Controlled-Source Seismology in Europe | 654 | ||
10.2.1. Western and Southern Europe | 654 | ||
10.2.2. Northern Europe | 655 | ||
10.2.3. Central and Eastern Europe | 655 | ||
10.3. North America | 661 | ||
10.3.1 The Pacific States of the United States | 661 | ||
10.3.2. Basin and Range Province and Rio Grande Rift | 663 | ||
10.4. The Afro-Arabian Rift System | 664 | ||
10.4.1. The Jordan–Dead Sea Transform | 664 | ||
10.4.2. The East African Rift System in Ethiopia | 665 | ||
10.5. Controlled-Source Seismology in Southeast Asia | 666 | ||
10.5.1. India | 666 | ||
10.5.2. China | 666 | ||
10.5.3. Japan and South Korea | 667 | ||
10.6. Controlled-Source Seismology in the Southern Hemisphere | 670 | ||
10.6.1. Australia and New Zealand | 670 | ||
10.6.2. South Africa | 674 | ||
10.6.3. South America | 675 | ||
10.7. Oceanic Deep Structure Research | 677 | ||
10.7.1. Introduction | 677 | ||
10.7.2. Pacific Ocean | 679 | ||
10.7.3. Indian Ocean | 684 | ||
10.7.4. Atlantic Ocean | 685 | ||
10.7.5. Summary of Seismic Observations in the Oceans from 1950 to 2005 | 690 | ||
10.8. The State of the Art around 2006 and Outlook | 690 | ||
References Cited |
707 |
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Appendix on Accompanying DVD |
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A0. Index | |||
A1. Figures in text | |||
Data and Information for Chapter 2 | |||
A2-1. Prodehl, 1998. Crustal record sections—A guide to pattern recognition | |||
A2-2. Finlayson, 2010. A Chronicle of Deep Seismic Profiling across Australian Crust and its Margins, 1946–2006 | |||
Data and Information for Chapter 3 | |||
A3-1. Mintrop, 1947a, 1947b. 100 Jahre physikalische Erdbebenforschung und Sprengseismik (information) | |||
A3-2. Ritter et al., 2000. History of Seismology in Göttingen | |||
Data and Information for Chapter 4 | |||
A4-1. Reinhardt, 1954. Steinbruchsprengungen zur Erforschung des tieferen Untergrundes | |||
Data and Information for Chapter 5 | |||
A5-1. Steinhart and Meyer, 1961. Explosion studies of continental structure | |||
Data and Information for Chapter 6 | |||
A6-1. Record sections of quarry blasts and other sources from 1958 to 1972 in central Europe | |||
A6-2. Basic data of shotpoints and profiles in central Europe from 1958 to 1972 | |||
A6-3. Record sections of seismic-refraction profiles in the Alps before 1975 | |||
A6-4. Basic data of shotpoints and profiles in the Alps and the Massif Central | |||
A6-5. Publications on crustal structure of southeastern Europe | |||
A6-6. Record sections of seismic-refraction profiles in the western United States recorded from 1961 to 1963 | |||
A6-7. Basic data of the 1961 to 1963 seismic-refraction profiles in the western United States | |||
A6-8. Record sections of seismic-refraction profiles in the Southern Rocky Mountains and adjacent Great Plains recorded from 1963 to 1965 | |||
A6-9. Warren, 1972. Crustal calibration of the Large Aperture Seismic Array (LASA), Montana | |||
A6-10. Record sections of the 1967 seismic refraction profiles in central California, USA | |||
A6-11. Record sections of profiles in the central and eastern United States | |||
A6-12. Record sections of seismic refraction work in South America | |||
Data and Information for Chapter 7 | |||
A7-1. Prodehl, 1984. Structure of the earth’s crust and upper mantle | |||
A7-2. Record sections and corresponding abstracts of the Mediterranean area | |||
A7-3. Record sections and corresponding (extended) abstracts of the Alpine area | |||
A7-4. Record sections and corresponding (extended) abstracts of long-range profiles in Europe | |||
A7-5. Record sections and Open-File Reports of profiles in North America | |||
A7-6. Record sections and Open-File Reports of profiles in the Afro-Arabian Rift System | |||
A7-7. Record sections and reports of seismic profiles in Australia | |||
A7-8. Record sections of seismic profiles in southern Africa | |||
A7-9. Record sections of seismic profiles in South America | |||
A7-10. Record sections for oceanic areas | |||
Data and Information for Chapter 8 | |||
A8-1. Record sections and Open-File Reports for Europe and northern Asia | |||
A8-2. Meissner et al., 1987. The Moho in Europe | |||
A8-3. Record sections and Open-File Reports for North America | |||
A8-4. Braile et al., 1989. Seismic properties of crust and uppermost mantle in North America | |||
A8-5. Record sections for oceanic areas (North Atlantic Ocean) | |||
Data and Information for Chapter 9 | |||
A9-1. Record sections and Open-File Reports for Europe and northwest Africa | |||
A9-2. Record sections and Open-File Reports for North America | |||
A9-3. Record sections and Open-File Reports for the Afro-Arabian Rift System | |||
A9-4. Record sections of seismic profiles in East Asia | |||
A9-5. Record sections of seismic profiles in South America and Antarctica | |||
A9-6. Record sections for oceanic areas (North Atlantic Ocean) | |||
Data and Information for Chapter 10 | |||
A10-1. Record sections of seismic profiles in Europe | |||
A10-2. Open-File reports for seismic observations in North America | |||
A10-3. Record sections of seismic profiles in East Asia (Japan) |