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deployed to core continuously through
          deep-sea sediment (project LOCO, LOng
          COres). Maurice Ewing (Columbia
          University, also a member of AMSOC)
          supported obtaining multiple long cores,
          stating, “The entire record of terrestrial
          conditions from the beginning of the ocean
          is there in the most undisturbed form it is
          possible to find anywhere—and the dream
          of my life is to punch that hole 2000 feet
          deep and bring the contents to the lab to
          study them” (Gray, 1956).
            Thus, simultaneously with Project
          Mohole, a different kind of program was
          planned. Five U.S. oceanographic institu-
          tions established JOIDES (Joint Ocean-
          ographic Institutions for Deep Earth
          Sampling). In 1965, using dynamic posi-  Figure 1. Multichannel Seismic Line 1027 in Baltimore Canyon, used to locate the best sites (902,
                                             904, and 906) during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 150 (Mountain et al., 1994). Cored intervals are
          tioning, fourteen holes were cored in the   shown in white. Also shown are the locations of Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 612 (Leg 95) and the
          eastern Atlantic Ocean on board the   Continental Offshore Stratigraphic Test (COST) B-3 well. The COST B3 well was used to establish
                                             first-order age and facies successions. These sediments were cored to establish a history of sea-
          Caldrill I. The results convinced the scien-  level variations along the mid-Atlantic U.S. continental margin. Mission-specific drilling platform
          tific community of the value of multiple   Expedition 313 continued the coring in modern water depths of 30–35 m and recovered nearshore
                                             and onshore sediments deposited during Neogene changes in global sea level.
          holes throughout the ocean. In 1967,
          Global Marine was contracted to design
          a ship expressly for the purpose of SOD.   Seven days later, Leg 2 began coring   The JOIDES Resolution
          With SIO as the prime contractor, the   across the Atlantic. The scientific party of
          Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), using   eight included two female micropaleoen-  Ocean Drilling Program (ODP,
          the Glomar Challenger, was launched   tologists, Catherine Nigrini (SIO) and   1983–2003)
          (Bascom, 1961).                    Maria Bianca Cita (Instituto di Geologia,   By the late 1970s, JOIDES began
                                             Universitá di Milano, Italy). This began a   exploring alternative vessels. Major
          Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP,   tradition of international participation   improvements in heave compensation and
          1968–1983)                         that was formalized in 1975: five coun-  station-keeping ability offered better cores
            By 1968, several seminal papers on   tries (Federal Republic of Germany,   and an expansion of geographic areas that
          plate tectonics (e.g., Hess, 1962; Vine and   France, Japan, the Soviet Union, and the   could be explored. More research could be
          Matthews, 1963; Wilson, 1966) had been   UK) became contributing international   accomplished with expanded laboratories
          published. These papers were based on   partners in the International Phase of   and more scientists. The SEDCO/BP 471,
          sparse data, leaving many unconvinced.   Ocean Drilling (IPOD). Today, 23 coun-  an oil exploration vessel, was chosen,
          Interpretation of marine magnetic anoma-  tries are part of the IODP consortium,    highlighting the advances in technology
          lies (e.g., Pitman et al., 1968) and better   and women comprise about half of the   generated by the petroleum industry.
          earthquake data (e.g., Isacks et al., 1968)   science team.           Funding for the new program came from
          provided additional support for this the-  Technological development continually   the United States and member countries.
          ory. For many, final confirmation came    improved drilling, coring, and logging.    Texas A&M University was awarded the
          from SOD.                          In 1970, the first re-entry cone was   contract. The SEDCO/BP 471 was con-
            As with Project Mohole, whose objec-  deployed (Leg 15, Site 146, Venezuelan   verted to a scientific drilling vessel, the
          tive was seismically defined, Leg 1 of the   Basin), allowing the drill string to be   JOIDES Resolution, and on 11 January
          Glomar Challenger and all subsequent   pulled, a new bit attached, and coring in   1985 commenced operations. Unlike petro-
          expeditions have used seismic surveys to   the same hole to continue. This enabled   leum exploration, which relies heavily on
          determine the ideal place to drill for sci-  the drilling of deep holes through sedi-  well logs and cuttings to understand the
          ence (Fig. 1) and for safety reasons, such   ment and into hard rock. In 1979 (Leg 64,   geology of a location, SOD collects cores.
          as avoiding overpressured hydrocarbons.   Guymas Basin), the hydraulic piston core   For most JOIDES Resolution legs, a ship-
          Leg 1’s objectives in the central Gulf of   (HPC) was deployed for the first time   board scientific party would analyze cores
          Mexico were clear; identify the cause of   (Fig. S2 [see footnote 1]). Today, the    and document findings during two-month
          the reflectors on the seismic profiles,   HPC and multiple offset holes at a single   expeditions, working in two 12-hour shifts,
          especially the domes and knolls on the   site are routine for paleoceanographic   seven days a week.
          deep-sea floor, and recover the oldest   expeditions. This allows construction of
          ocean sediment. Leg 1 of DSDP was a   complete “composite” stratigraphic   Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
          success. The domes were salt diapirs.    records, essential for detailed paleoceano-  (IODP, 2003–2013)
          The oldest sediment was Jurassic, much   graphic research (Figs. 2 and S3–S5    Despite the capabilities of the JOIDES
          younger than expected.             [see footnote 1]).                 Resolution, critical locations remained

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