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departed substantively from the “stan-
dard” landscape of the region. I think of
Goethe’s fascination with the Mythen
klippe as an analogue. Like the worship-
pers of Zeus, Goethe was well-traveled
regionally and challenged himself in try-
ing to understand natural phenomena in a
way grounded in direct experience
(Miller, 1995; Seamon and Zajonc, 1998).
Goethe wrote: “Natural objects should be
sought and investigated as they are … not
to suit observers, but respectfully as if
they were divine beings” (Matthaei, 1971,
p. 57; Seamon and Zajonc, 1998). In a
similar manner, Ninaistako stood out to a
well-traveled Blackfoot people who were
intimately connected to the land and who
undoubtedly recognized that Ninaistako
was exotic when viewed in the overall
backdrop of the larger Cordillera. Such a
perspective may have played a part in
Agios Elias being chosen as the sanctuary
for homage to and celebration of Zeus.
This landform would have been recogniz-
able as an outlier, for it is an exception to
the rule of north-south–trending moun-
tain ridges forming the Pindos backbone
of Greece. After all, an outlier is “a thing
detached from the main body or system”;
“a thing differing from all other members
of a particular set.” There must have been
a sense that Zeus would not have settled
for the norm.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am indebted to David Gilman Romano and
Mary Voyatzis, co-directors of the Mount
Lykaion Excavation and Survey Project, for invit-
ing me to serve as geologist on the project. This
project would not have been possible without the
generous permission and support of the Ephorate
of Antiquities of Arcadia, directed by Anna
Karapanagiotou, Greek Ministry of Culture, and
the American School of Classical Studies at
Athens. I wish to express my gratitude to field
assistants Tom Fenn (2004 and 2005), Randy
Goosen (2007), Phil Nickelson (2008), Karl Yares
(2009), Kyle Maloney (2010), George Faidon
Papakonstantinou (2011), and Alex Weber (2015,
2016). For ArcMap GIS management I depended
on the expertise of Tom Fenn, Meridith
Reifschneider, and Katherine Guns. I always
benefit from the enormous skill of scientific
illustrator, David Fischer, who prepared the vir-
tual landscapes for this manuscript. I want to
thank H. Röst and M. Steiner for permission to
reproduce their Mythen image, and Marc Adamus
for his Chief Mountain photograph. I wish to
acknowledge the helpful input from three formal
reviewers, two of whom remained anonymous
and one of whom was Walter Alvarez. Mary
Voyatzis and David Gilman Romano provided
very useful improvements leading to the final
version. Steve Whitmeyer, GSA Today science
editor, efficiently guided my manuscript through
the review process.
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Manuscript received 6 July 2017
Revised manuscript received 5 Sept. 2017
Manuscript accepted 8 Sept. 2017
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