Page 9 - gt1502

NW-SE fast direction. The delay times of the upper layer show a
large variation from 0.5 s to 1.1 s between the three stations,
whereas the delay times of the lower layer show a limited range
from 1.2 s to 1.5 s.
We interpret the WNW-ESE to NW-SE fast direction, which is
parallel to the direction of Pacific plate subduction, as the asthe-
nospheric flow induced by the subduction of western Pacific or
Philippine plates. The E-W to ENE-WSW fast direction was prob-
ably produced by lithospheric deformation accompanying the
collision between the North and South China blocks in the Late
Paleozoic or Triassic. Our results suggest the preservation of a
“fossilized” anisotropic signature in the lithosphere beneath
eastern China, in spite of the extensive erosion and destruction of
the cratonic root during the late Mesozoic.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank editor Prof. Damian Nance and three anonymous reviewers for
constructive comments that improved the manuscript. The China
Earthquake Administration Institute of Geophysics kindly provided us with
seismic data. This research was supported by the Strategic Priority Research
Program (B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant no. XDB03010700),
and grants from the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (no.
41274066). This work is also a contribution to the Talent Award to M. Santosh
from the Chinese Government under the 1000 Talents Plan. All figures were
produced using the Generic Mapping Tools software package (Wessel and
Smith, 1998).
REFERENCES CITED
Barruol, G., and Mainprice, D., 1993, A quantitative evaluation of the contribution
of crustal rocks to the shear-wave splitting of teleseismic SKS waves:
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 78, p. 281–300, doi:
10.1016/0031-9201(93)90161-2.
Bonnin, M., Barruol, G., and Bokelmann, G.H.R., 2010, Upper mantle
deformation beneath the North American–Pacific plate boundary in
California from SKS splitting: Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid
Earth, v. 115, B04306, doi: 10.1029/2009JB006438.
Bull, A.L., McNamara, A.K., Becker, T.W., and Ritsema, J., 2010, Global scale
models of the mantle flow field predicted by synthetic tomography
models: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 182, p. 129–138,
doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2010.03.004.
Chang, L.J., Wang, C.Y., and Ding, Z.F., 2009, Seismic anisotropy of upper
mantle in eastern China: Science in China Series D: Earth Science, v. 52,
p. 774–783.
Chen, L., 2010, Concordant structural variations from the surface to the base of
the upper mantle in the North China Craton and its tectonic implications:
Lithos, v. 120, p. 96–115, doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2009.12.007.
Díaz, J., and Gallart, J., 2014, Seismic anisotropy from the Variscan core of
Iberia to the Western African Craton: New constrains on upper mantle
flow at regional scales: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 394,
p. 48–57, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.03.005.
Faure, M., Lin, W., and Le Breton, N., 2001, Where is the North China–South
China block boundary in eastern China?: Geology, v. 29, p. 119–122,
doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0119:WITNCS>2.0.CO;2.
Flament, N., Gurnis, M., Williams, S., Seton, M., Skogseid, J., Heine, C.,
and Muller, D., 2014, Topographic asymmetry of the South Atlantic
from global models of mantle flow and lithospheric stretching: Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, v. 387, p. 107–119, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013
.11.017.
Geologic Map of Liaoning Province, P.R.C., 1989, Bureau of Geology and
Mineral Resources of Liaoning Province, Geological Publishing House,
Beijing, scale: 1:500,000.
Griffin, W.L., Andi, Z., O’Reilly, S.Y., and Ryan, C.G., 1998, Phanerozoic
evolution of the lithosphere beneath the Sino-Korean Craton: Mantle
Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia, v. 27, p. 107–126, doi: 10.1029/ GSA TODAY | www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/
GD027p0107.
Gripp, A.E., and Gordon, R.G., 2002, Young tracks of hotspots and current
plate velocities: Geophysical Journal International, v. 150, p. 321–361,
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01627.x.
Guo, P., Santosh, M., and Li, S., 2013, Geodynamics of gold metallogeny in the
Shandong Province, NE China: An integrated geological, geophysical
and geochemical perspective: Gondwana Research, v. 24, p. 1172–1202,
doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2013.02.004.
Guo, X.Y., Encarnacion, J., Xu, X., Deino, A., Li, Z.W., and Tian, X.B., 2012,
Collision and rotation of the South China block and their role in the
formation and exhumation of ultrahigh pressure rocks in the Dabie Shan
orogen: Terra Nova, v. 24, p. 339–350, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2012
.01072.x.
Hager, B.H., and O’Connell, R.J., 1981, A simple global model of plate dynamics
and mantle convection: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 4843–
4867, doi: 10.1029/JB086iB06p04843.
Hsu, K.J., Wang, Q.C., Li, J.L., Zhou, D., and Sun, S., 1987, Tectonic Evolution
of Qinling Mountains, China: Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, v. 80,
p. 735–752.
Huang, J.L., and Zhao, D.P., 2006, High-resolution mantle tomography of
China and surrounding regions: Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid
Earth, v. 111, B09305, doi: 10.1029/2005JB004066.
Kaminski, E., Ribe, N.M., and Browaeys, J.T., 2004, D-Rex, a program for
calculation of seismic anisotropy due to crystal lattice preferred
orientation in the convective upper mantle: Geophysical Journal
International, v. 158, p. 744–752, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02308.x.
Kang, T.-S., and Shin., J.S., 2009, Shear-wave splitting beneath southern Korea
and its tectonic implication: Tectonophysics, v. 471, p. 232–239, doi: 10
.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.021.
Karato, S., Jung, H., Katayama, I., and Skemer, P., 2008, Geodynamic
significance of seismic anisotropy of the upper mantle: New insights from
laboratory studies: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 36,
p. 59–95, doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124120.
Li, S.Z., Suo, Y.H., Santosh, M., Dai, L.M., Liu, X., Yu, S., Zhao, S.J., and Jin, C.,
2013, Mesozoic to Cenozoic intracontinental deformation and dynamics
of the North China Craton: Geological Journal, v. 48, no. 5, p. 543–560,
doi: 10.1002/gj.2500.
Li, Z.X., 1994, Collision between the North and South China blocks: A crustal-
detachment model for suturing in the region east of the Tanlu fault:
Geology, v. 22, p. 739–742, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0739:CBT
NAS>2.3.CO;2.
Liu, K.H., Gao, S.S., Gao, Y., and Wu, J., 2008, Shear wave splitting and mantle
flow associated with the deflected Pacific slab beneath northeast Asia:
Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, v. 113, B01305, doi: 10.1029/
2007JB005178.
Long, M.D., and Becker, T.W., 2010, Mantle dynamics and seismic anisotropy:
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 297, p. 341–354, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl
.2010.06.036.
Maruyama, S., Isozaki, Y., Kimura, G., and Terabayashi, M., 1997,
Paleogeographic maps of the Japanese Islands: Plate tectonic synthesis
from 750 Ma to the present: The Island Arc, v. 6, p. 121–142, doi: 10.1111/
j.1440-1738.1997.tb00043.x.
Okaya, D., Christensen, N., Stanley, D., and Stern, T., 1995, Crustal anisotropy
in the vicinity of the Alpine Fault Zone: New Zealand Journal of Geology
and Geophysics, v. 38, p. 579–583, doi: 10.1080/00288306.1995.9514686.
Santosh, M., 2010, Assembling North China Craton within the Columbia
supercontinent: The role of double-sided subduction: Precambrian
Research, v. 178, p. 149–167, doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2010.02.003.
Savage, M.K., 1999, Seismic anisotropy and mantle deformation: What have
we learned from shear wave splitting?: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 37,
p. 65–106, doi: 10.1029/98RG02075.
Savage, M.K., Gledhill, K., and Marson, K., 1996, A search for lower crustal
anisotropy in strike-slip regions: Abstracts for the AGU Western Pacific
Geophysics Meeting, 23–27 July, Meeting Supplement, EOS
(Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 77, no. 22, p. W84.
9