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                                           Photograph by Dan Soeder

                                                                                                       Photograph by Dan Soeder
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                                                                                                 Site or figure number
               4                                                                              1.  Well-pad construction
                 High-pressure
                 High-pressure                                                                2. Drilling
                                                                                              3.  and 4. Completion
                     injection                                                                5.  Natural gas production
                     injection
                       d
                    S an nd                                                                   6.  Crude oil production
                    Sa
                                                                                              7. Plugged and abandoned well
                                                                                                illustrating leaking casing
                                                                                              8.  Wastewater disposal
                                                  g u l P g u l P                             9.  Induced seismicity
                                                                                             10.  Landscape disturbance
                                                                                             11. Potential upward transport pathway
                       Proppant in fracture
                       Proppant in fracture                                                  12.  Water supply wells
            Figure 1. Schematic diagram illustrating unconventional oil and gas (UOG) development activities relevant to research on human-health and environ-
            mental impacts (not to scale): well-pad construction (1); drilling (2); completion/stimulation (3, 4); production of natural gas (5) and oil (6) with well cas-
            ings designed to protect drinking-water aquifers; ultimate closure (plug and abandon), illustrating legacy well with leaking casing (7); wastewater dis-
            posal (8); induced seismicity (9); landscape disturbance (10); and potential for transport pathways from deep to shallow formations (11). Also represented
            are water supply wells in shallow and deep aquifers (12). Photographs by Dan Soeder.

                                                   www.geosociety.org/gsatoday                                       5
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